基因改造作物：经验与展望(英文 407 页)

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百度盘链接密码：ohc3

Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects

Contents

SUMMARY .................. 1

1 THE STUDY OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS BY THE NATIONAL

ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE ................. 17

The Academies and Genetic Engineering in Agriculture, 17

The Committee and Its Charge, 21

Soliciting Broad Input from Different Perspectives and Evaluating Information, 22

Report Review Process, 26

Organization of the Report, 27

References, 27

2 THE FRAMEWORK OF THE REPORT ................. 29

Thorough Assessment of an Unfamiliar Issue, 29

Governance of Genetically Engineered Crops, 31

Terminology and Its Challenges, 36

Conclusions, 37

References, 38

3 GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS THROUGH 2015 ............... 41

The Development of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture, 41

Genetically Engineered Crops in the Early 21st Century, 45

Evolution of Regulatory Policies for Genetically Engineered Crops and Foods, 52

Conclusions, 56

References, 58

4 AGRONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF GENETICALLY

ENGINEERED CROPS ................ 62

Effects of Genetic Engineering on Crop Yields, 62

Effects Related to the Use of Bt Crops, 66

Effects Related to the Use of Herbicide-Resistant Crops, 81

Yield Effects of Genetically Engineered Herbicide and Insect Resistance, 90

Environmental Effects of Genetically Engineered Crops, 90

Conclusions, 99

References, 100

5 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS .............. 113

Comparing Genetically Engineered Crops with Their Counterparts, 114

Overview of U.S. Regulatory Testing of Risks to Human Health, 118

Genetically Engineered Crops and Occurrence of Diseases and Chronic Conditions, 136

Assessment of Human Health Benefits from Genetically Engineered Crops, 150

Assessment of Food Safety of Crops Transformed Through Emerging

Genetic-Engineering Technologies, 155

Conclusions, 156

References, 157

6 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS ............. 171

Social and Economic Effects on or Near the Farm, 172

Social and Economic Effects Beyond the Farm, 201

Conclusions, 220

References, 222

7 FUTURE GENETIC-ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES ................ 236

Modern Plant-Breeding Methods, 236

Commonly Used Genetic-Engineering Technologies, 238

Emerging Genetic-Engineering Technologies, 241

Future Applications of Genome Editing, 248

Emerging Technologies to Assess Genome-Editing Specificity, 251

Detection of Genome Alterations via -Omics Technologies, 252

Conclusions, 263

References, 263

8 FUTURE GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS ......................... 271

Is Genetic Engineering Necessary to Deliver the Next Generation of Plant Traits?, 271

Projection of How Emerging Genetic-Engineering Technologies Will Affect

Trait Development, 273

Future Genetically Engineered Traits, 274

Future Genetically Engineered Crops, Sustainability, and Feeding the World, 292

Conclusions, 295

References, 296

9 REGULATION OF CURRENT AND FUTURE GENETICALLY

ENGINEERED CROPS .............. 304

Regulatory Systems for Genetically Engineered Crops, 304

Regulatory Implications of Emerging Genetic-Engineering Technologies, 329

Related Regulatory Issues, 333

Scope of Products Subject to Premarket Regulatory Safety Assessment, 337

Conclusions, 341

References, 342

APPENDIXES

A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ..................... 349

B REVISIONS TO THE STATEMENT OF TASK .................. 356

C AGENDAS OF INFORMATION-GATHERING SESSIONS ........................... 358

D AGENDA FOR WORKSHOP ON COMPARING THE ENVIRONMENTAL

EFFECTS OF PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ACROSS CROPPING SYSTEMS ........... 367

E INVITED SPEAKERS UNAVAILABLE TO PRESENT TO THE COMMITTEE ...................... 369

F SUMMARIZED COMMENTS RECEIVED FROM MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC .................. 370

G GLOSSARY .................. 384